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What is the difference between Charge, Refund, Authorize; what do these "Actions" do?

The Action field will change the type credit card transaction being performed:

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Charge This is the most common Action in the system. This will charge the card that is processed.
Refund This will refund money from your merchant account to the client's credit card.
Authorize This only verifies that the card is valid and that there are enough funds available in their account. The transaction will be marked as "Hold" in your account History. The funds on the customers card will be placed on hold (pending transaction). However, the funds will not be actually charged. To initiate the capture of funds from the customer's card so that you can get paid, you must change the Transaction Status from "Hold" to "Capture".