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What Is the Difference Between Charge, Refund, Authorize, Verify; What Do These "Actions" Do?

In the Process section of the Virtual Terminal, the Action field will change the type of credit card transaction being performed:

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ChargeThis is the most common Action in the system. This will charge the card that is processed.
RefundThis will refund money from your merchant account to the customer's credit card.
AuthorizeThis only verifies that the card is valid and that there are enough funds available in their account. The transaction will be marked as "Hold" in your account history. The funds on the customers card will be placed on hold (as a pending transaction). However, the funds will not actually be charged. To initiate the capture of funds from the customer's card so that you can get paid, you must change the Transaction Status from "Hold" to "Capture".
VerifyThis allows for a $0.00 amount to be charged to confirm that the card is valid. This can also help to verify AVS information, like an address and/or ZIP code.